The randomised multicentre trial found patients who were given a combination FDG-PET/CT scan instead of a conventional CT scan were able to be given more targeted treatments.

This reduced the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics – and also time spent in hospital.

A combination FDG-PET/CT scan is a combined positron emission tomography (PET) scan which produces images of how organs or tissues inside the body use sugar, a key fuel for the body's organs, with a computed tomography (CT) scan which provides more anatomical information. FDG, or fluorodeoxyglucose, is the sugar compound used as the radioactive tracer in the PET scan.

"A combination PET/CT scan allows us to rule in and rule out important diagnoses better than using conventional CT imaging," said infectious diseases physician at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (Peter Mac), Doctor Abby Douglas, who was the investigator running the trial.

"That's because it is both more sensitive at picking up the site of the infection causing the fever, and ruling out other important causes of fever," she added.

Prolonged or recurrent fevers are a serious problem for blood cancer patients because the patients often have low levels of neutrophils – a type of white blood cell – that help them fight off infection.

Without enough of these defender cells, a fever left untreated can quickly lead to sepsis and even death.

"The issue in this patient group is that we often do not know what is causing the ongoing fever," said principal investigator, and head of department of infectious diseases at Peter Mac and head of infection immunocompromised host at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Professor Monica Slavin.

"We worry about various types of infection, but there are other reasons for fever that don't need antibiotics."

Without a clear diagnosis, patients will often be given a protracted course of broad-spectrum antibiotics which heightens their risk of developing antibiotic resistance, and can also do long-term harm to their gut microbiome.

"It's both better for the patient and the healthcare system if we can pinpoint what is causing a fever so we can optimally treat it, and not use unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotics," said senior investigator and infectious diseases physician at Peter Mac, Professor Karin Thursky.

The researchers conducting the trial also found the patients who were given a combination PET/CT scan had a shorter stay in hospital.

"Getting out of hospital sooner is really important for patients who spend long and repeated stints here, and will likely improve their quality of life," added Dr Douglas.

It also reduces their risk of healthcare-associated complications and the cost of their care.

While a combination FDG-PET/CT scan costs the healthcare system approximately $1,000 that would likely be offset by the reduced time a patient is in hospital, and will be examined further in future research.

Results from the trial were published in The Lancet Haematology.

The trial was conducted by Peter Mac clinical researchers from the Infectious Diseases, haematology and nuclear imaging departments, in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Melbourne and the Royal Melbourne Hospital.

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